Long ELMy H-mode KSTAR discharges are used to show that low frequencies () of the ion-scale density fluctuations contain electromagnetic components that transfer energy from to higher frequency () fluctuations during ELM crashes via three-wave non-linear interactions. Such non-linear interactions are not observed during the inter-ELM phases. These observations suggest that investigations on the enhanced fluctuation and transport levels during ELM crashes require a careful analysis of the non-linear couplings between low frequency electromagnetic and broadband fluctuations in addition to other causes such as open (stochastic) magnetic fields and advective transport. Our results are based on conditionally ensemble-averaged second-order and third-order spectral analyses applied to 2, 660 ELMs obtained from three different KSTAR discharges to ensure statistical validity.
Experimental characterization of inter-ELM modes in type-I ELMy scenarios at TCV using the thermal helium beam diagnostic