Infinite toroidal mode number (n = ∞) ballooning mode analysis of negative triangularity discharges on DIII–D shows that the access to 2nd stability becomes strongly restricted when the top triangularity decreases even modestly from −0.18 to −0.36. This is observed in experiment to coincide with the suppression of the L–H-transition. Further theoretical analysis with ballooning mode limited pedestals shows that the threshold for opening the 2nd stability access rises from a pedestal temperature of 0.3–1 keV when the top triangularity is decreased from −0.18 to −0.36 indicating that to access the 2nd stability with the more negative triangular shape would require unrealistically high pedestal temperature. The pedestal predicted by the EPED code agrees with the experimental H-mode profile for the negative triangularity case but in contrast to positive triangular shapes the prediction shows no increase in pedestal height with increasing core pressure when triangularity is negative. This work provides a first model to predict when negative triangularity plasmas can be expected to access the H-mode.
The effect of triangularity on fluctuations in a tokamak plasma