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On the use of CFD to obtain head loss coefficients in hydraulic systems and its application to liquid metal MHD flows in nuclear fusion reactor blankets

Daniel Suarez, Elisabet Mas de les Valls, Lluis Batet2021年Plasma Physics and Controlled FusionIF 2.2出版社

When an incompressible fluid flows through a contraction in a conduit, the increase in the kinetic energy of the fluid is accompanied by a pressure drop. This pressure drop is not to be assimilated with head loss. If downstream the fluid encounters an expansion in the conduit, the energy conversion will take place in the opposite way. Therefore, when a geometrical singularity is analysed to assess its contribution to the pumping power requirements of the system, the whole mechanical energy transfer of the fluid in the singularity has to be taken into account, and not only the pressure variation. The first part of the present work establishes a method to obtain head loss coefficients in geometric singularities of hydrodynamic circuits using the results of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculations. These coefficients are of interest when modelling the whole system with a 1D system code, for instance. In the second part of the article, the method is applied to a more complex case, involving magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) phenomena. Thus, a prototypical channel singularity in a liquid metal circuit subject to a magnetic field is analysed. The layout is representative of a case that could be found in the liquid metal blankets to be used in nuclear fusion reactors. The influence of the MHD phenomena is studied and the differences with a purely hydrodynamic case are pointed out. The MHD analyses have been done in the Marconi High Performance Computing facility, using 48 cores, each case needing between one and two weeks to complete.

日本語訳

非圧縮性流体が管路内の縮小部を通過するとき、流体の運動エネルギーの増加に伴い圧力降下が生じる。この圧力降下は損失水頭と同一視すべきではない。下流側で管路が拡大部を有する場合、エネルギー変換は逆方向に生じる。したがって、幾何学的特異部がシステムの揚水動力要件に及ぼす影響を評価する際には、特異部における流体の力学的エネルギーの全体を考慮する必要があり、圧力変動のみに着目すべきではない。本研究の第一部では、数値流体力学(CFD)計算の結果を用いて、水力学回路における幾何学的特異部の損失水頭係数を求める手法を確立する。これらの係数は、例えば一次元システムコードを用いてシステム全体をモデル化する際に有用である。本論文の第二部では、この手法をより複雑なケース、すなわち電磁流体力学(MHD)現象を伴う場合に適用する。具体的には、磁場作用下にある液体金属回路内の代表的なチャネル特異部を解析する。この配置は、核融合炉で使用される液体金属ブランケットにおいて見られ得るケースを代表するものである。MHD現象の影響を調査し、純水力学の場合との差異を明らかにする。MHD解析はMarconiハイパフォーマンス・コンピューティング施設において48コアを用いて実施され、各ケースの完了には1週間から2週間を要した。

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MagnetohydrodynamicsLiquid metalComputational fluid dynamicsMHD flow
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